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Economics pre+mains тАв Bilingual Chapter (Hindi)

Chapter 15: garibi, berojgari evam samaveshan

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garibi, berojgari evam samaveshan - Chapter Notes

Hindi
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Chapter 15: Poverty, Unemployment and Inclusive Growth

1. Introduction

Poverty, unemployment, and inequality are major socio-economic challenges faced by developing countries. Inclusive growth aims to ensure that the benefits of economic growth reach all sections of society, especially the poor, marginalized, and vulnerable groups.

2. Meaning of Poverty

Poverty refers to a condition in which individuals are unable to meet their basic needs such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and healthcare due to insufficient income and resources.

Characteristics of Poverty

  • Low income and consumption.
  • Lack of access to education and healthcare.
  • Poor living conditions.
  • Malnutrition and hunger.
  • Social exclusion.
  • Limited employment opportunities.

3. Types of Poverty

Type Description
Absolute Poverty Inability to meet minimum basic needs.
Relative Poverty Poverty compared with the standard of living of others.
Rural Poverty Poverty prevalent in rural areas.
Urban Poverty Poverty found in urban settlements and slums.

4. Causes of Poverty in India

  • Rapid population growth.
  • Unemployment and underemployment.
  • Low agricultural productivity.
  • Unequal distribution of income and wealth.
  • Illiteracy and lack of skills.
  • Regional disparities.
  • Social discrimination.
  • Inflation and rising prices.

5. Poverty Measurement in India

Poverty is measured using the Poverty Line, which represents the minimum level of income or consumption required to meet basic needs.

Important Committees

  • Dandekar and Rath Committee.
  • Lakdawala Committee.
  • Tendulkar Committee.
  • Rangarajan Committee.

6. Poverty Alleviation Programmes

  • Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA).
  • National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM).
  • Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY).
  • National Food Security Act (NFSA).
  • Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY).
  • Ayushman Bharat Scheme.

7. Meaning of Unemployment

Unemployment refers to a situation where individuals who are willing and able to work at prevailing wage rates are unable to find employment.

8. Types of Unemployment

Type Description
Open Unemployment Persons willing to work but unable to get jobs.
Seasonal Unemployment Occurs during off-season periods.
Disguised Unemployment More workers employed than actually required.
Structural Unemployment Mismatch between skills and job requirements.
Frictional Unemployment Temporary unemployment while changing jobs.
Cyclical Unemployment Occurs during economic recessions.

9. Causes of Unemployment

  • Rapid population growth.
  • Slow industrial growth.
  • Dependence on agriculture.
  • Lack of vocational skills.
  • Technological changes.
  • Regional imbalances.
  • Insufficient investment.

10. Effects of Unemployment

  • Increase in poverty.
  • Lower standard of living.
  • Social unrest.
  • Wastage of human resources.
  • Reduced economic growth.
  • Increase in dependency ratio.

11. Government Measures to Reduce Unemployment

  • Skill India Mission.
  • Startup India.
  • Make in India.
  • MGNREGA.
  • Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY).
  • National Career Service Portal.

12. Inclusive Growth

Inclusive Growth refers to economic growth that creates opportunities for all sections of society and ensures equitable distribution of benefits.

Objectives of Inclusive Growth

  • Reduction of poverty.
  • Generation of employment.
  • Reduction of inequality.
  • Social justice.
  • Regional balanced development.
  • Improvement in living standards.

13. Features of Inclusive Growth

  • Broad-based economic participation.
  • Equal opportunities.
  • Access to education and healthcare.
  • Financial inclusion.
  • Employment generation.
  • Sustainable development.

14. Financial Inclusion

Financial inclusion means providing affordable financial services to all sections of society, especially the poor and marginalized groups.

Benefits

  • Access to banking services.
  • Promotion of savings.
  • Availability of credit.
  • Reduction in poverty.
  • Economic empowerment.

15. Social Inclusion

Social inclusion ensures equal participation of all individuals regardless of caste, gender, religion, region, or economic status.

16. Inclusive Growth and Human Development

Human development focuses on improving people's capabilities through education, health, and income opportunities. Inclusive growth contributes significantly to human development.

17. Human Development Index (HDI)

HDI is a composite index developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to measure human development.

Components of HDI

  • Life Expectancy.
  • Education.
  • Per Capita Income.

18. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)

MPI measures poverty beyond income by considering multiple deprivations in health, education, and living standards.

19. Inclusive Growth Initiatives in India

  • Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana.
  • Ayushman Bharat.
  • Digital India.
  • Skill India.
  • Stand-Up India.
  • National Food Security Act.
  • PM Awas Yojana.

20. Poverty and Unemployment in Bihar

Bihar faces challenges of poverty, unemployment, low industrialization, and dependence on agriculture. However, government initiatives in skill development, infrastructure, education, and social welfare are helping improve socio-economic conditions.

Major Challenges

  • High population density.
  • Agricultural dependence.
  • Migration of workers.
  • Limited industrial development.
  • Skill gaps.

21. Sustainable and Inclusive Development

Sustainable and inclusive development aims to achieve economic growth while ensuring social equity and environmental protection.

22. Important BPSC Terms

Term Meaning
Poverty Inability to meet basic needs.
Unemployment Lack of employment despite willingness to work.
Inclusive Growth Growth benefiting all sections of society.
Financial Inclusion Access to financial services for all.
HDI Human Development Index.
MPI Multidimensional Poverty Index.

23. Important BPSC Facts

  • Poverty is measured through the Poverty Line.
  • Tendulkar Committee is important in poverty estimation.
  • Disguised unemployment is common in agriculture.
  • MGNREGA guarantees rural employment.
  • Financial inclusion is a pillar of inclusive growth.
  • HDI is prepared by UNDP.
  • MPI measures multidimensional deprivation.
  • Inclusive growth aims at reducing poverty and inequality.

24. Quick Revision

  1. Poverty = Inability to satisfy basic needs.
  2. Unemployment = Willing to work but unable to get work.
  3. Disguised unemployment is common in agriculture.
  4. MGNREGA provides guaranteed rural employment.
  5. Inclusive growth ensures benefits reach all sections.
  6. Financial inclusion promotes banking access.
  7. HDI measures health, education, and income.
  8. MPI measures multidimensional poverty.
  9. Skill India promotes employability.
  10. Inclusive development reduces inequality and poverty.
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