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Economics pre+mains тАв Bilingual Chapter (Hindi)

Chapter 27: bihar arthik sarvekshan (navinatam)

1. Chapter Study Notes

1 Topic Note
1

bihar arthik sarvekshan (navinatam) - Chapter Notes

Hindi
The latest Bihar Economic Survey is **2025-26**, presented on **2 February 2026**, and it primarily reports economic performance for **2024-25**. Key figures include **8.6% real GSDP growth**, **13.1% growth at current prices**, and **тВ╣76,490 per-capita income at current prices**. ([Drishti IAS][1]) ```html

Chapter 27: Bihar Economic Survey 2025-26

The Bihar Economic Survey is an annual document that presents a detailed assessment of the state's economic performance, sectoral development, income, agriculture, industry, infrastructure, employment, public finance and social development.

The Bihar Economic Survey 2025-26 was presented on 2 February 2026. It primarily analyses the economic performance of Bihar during 2024-25 and provides important indicators for understanding the state's economy.

1. What is the Economic Survey?

The Economic Survey is a comprehensive review of the economic condition of a state during a particular period. It analyses economic growth, sectoral performance, income, agriculture, industry, infrastructure, employment, public finance and social development.

BPSC Focus: The Economic Survey is an important source for questions on Bihar's latest economic indicators, sectoral growth, per-capita income, agriculture, industry, employment and fiscal position.

2. Bihar Economic Survey 2025-26: Key Facts

Indicator Key Figure
Latest Economic Survey 2025-26
Year of presentation 2026
Major economic year analysed 2024-25
GSDP at current prices тВ╣9,91,997 crore
GSDP at constant prices тВ╣5,31,372 crore
GSDP growth at current prices 13.1%
GSDP growth at constant prices 8.6%
Per-capita income at current prices тВ╣76,490
Per-capita income at constant prices тВ╣40,973

3. Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP)

Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) is the monetary value of all final goods and services produced within the geographical boundaries of Bihar during a given period.

Measure 2024-25
GSDP at current prices тВ╣9,91,997 crore
GSDP at constant prices (2011-12) тВ╣5,31,372 crore
Growth at current prices 13.1%
Growth at constant prices 8.6%
Important: The constant-price growth rate of 8.6% is more useful for measuring real economic growth because it removes the effect of price changes.

4. Current Prices vs Constant Prices

Current Prices Constant Prices
Uses prices prevailing in the current year. Uses prices of a fixed base year.
Includes the effect of price changes. Reduces the effect of inflation.
Useful for measuring nominal value. More useful for measuring real economic growth.
BPSC Trap: Bihar's GSDP growth in 2024-25 was 13.1% at current prices but 8.6% at constant prices. Do not interchange these two figures.

5. Per-Capita Income

Per-capita income represents the average income per person. It is generally calculated by dividing the state income by the population.

Per-Capita Income = State Income ├╖ Population
Indicator 2024-25
Per-capita income at current prices тВ╣76,490
Per-capita income at constant prices тВ╣40,973
Per-capita NSDP at constant prices тВ╣36,342
Most Important BPSC Fact: Bihar's per-capita income at current prices in 2024-25 was тВ╣76,490, while at constant prices it was тВ╣40,973.

6. Bihar's Per-Capita Income Compared with India

Bihar's per-capita income remains considerably below the national average. The Economic Survey highlights the continuing gap in per-capita income between Bihar and the all-India level.

Bihar's per-capita NSDP at constant prices was estimated at about 31.7% of the all-India average for states.

7. Sectoral Structure of Bihar's Economy

Bihar's economy is divided into three broad sectors:

  1. Primary Sector
  2. Secondary Sector
  3. Tertiary Sector
Sector Share in GSVA, 2024-25 Growth at Current Prices
Primary Sector 18.3% 9.6%
Secondary Sector 26.8% 15.5%
Tertiary Sector 54.8% 13.5%
Remember:
Largest sector by contribution = Tertiary Sector
Fastest-growing broad sector in 2024-25 at current prices = Secondary Sector

8. Primary Sector

The primary sector includes agriculture and allied activities such as livestock, forestry and fishing.

Major Features

  • Agriculture remains an important source of livelihood.
  • The sector is important for rural employment.
  • Crop production is influenced by rainfall, irrigation and floods.
  • Livestock, dairy, fisheries and horticulture provide opportunities for diversification.
  • The share of the primary sector in GSVA has declined as other sectors have expanded.

9. Agriculture and Foodgrain Production

Agriculture remains a crucial component of Bihar's rural economy. The state has considerable potential in rice, wheat, maize, vegetables, fruits, livestock, dairy and fisheries.

Major Foodgrain Approximate Share in Total Grain Production
Rice 40.7%
Wheat 32.1%
Maize 27.1%
Rice, wheat and maize together account for almost the entire foodgrain production composition highlighted in the Economic Survey.

10. Fisheries and Allied Activities

  • Fisheries are an important source of rural income and employment.
  • Bihar has significant potential for inland fisheries.
  • Fish production has expanded over time.
  • Madhubani has emerged as an important district in fish production.
  • Expansion of fisheries can support rural diversification and income generation.

11. Secondary Sector

The secondary sector includes manufacturing, construction, electricity, gas, water supply and related industrial activities.

The secondary sector recorded approximately 15.5% growth at current prices in 2024-25 and its share in GSVA increased to about 26.8%.

Major Drivers

  • Construction activity.
  • Manufacturing.
  • Infrastructure development.
  • Electricity and related utilities.
  • Increasing investment in physical infrastructure.

12. Tertiary Sector

The tertiary sector includes trade, transport, communication, banking, financial services, public administration, real estate and other services.

The tertiary sector remained the largest contributor to Bihar's economy, accounting for approximately 54.8% of GSVA in 2024-25.

Major Components

  • Trade and commerce.
  • Transport and communication.
  • Financial services.
  • Real estate and professional services.
  • Public administration.
  • Education and health services.
  • Tourism and hospitality.

13. Structural Transformation of Bihar's Economy

Sector 2020-21 2024-25 Trend
Primary 21.9% 18.3% Declining share
Secondary 21.1% 26.8% Increasing share
Tertiary 57.0% 54.8% Still dominant

The changing sectoral structure indicates increasing diversification of Bihar's economy, with the secondary sector gaining importance while services continue to remain dominant.

14. District-Level Economic Disparities

Economic development is not uniform across Bihar. There are substantial differences in per-capita income among districts.

District Position
Patna Highest per-capita GDDP among districts
Begusarai Among the highest
Munger Among the highest
Sheohar Among the lowest
Araria Among the lowest
Sitamarhi Among the lowest
BPSC District Ranking: Among the districts, the broad order for the highest per-capita GDDP is Patna тЖТ Begusarai тЖТ Munger. Sheohar is among the districts with the lowest per-capita income.

15. Employment and Labour Market

Bihar's labour market has a strong rural component and remains closely connected with agriculture and informal employment.

  • Agriculture continues to absorb a large share of the workforce.
  • Informal employment remains important.
  • Seasonal and disguised unemployment are relevant in rural areas.
  • Migration is an important feature of Bihar's labour market.
  • Skill development is important for increasing non-farm employment.

16. Urban and Rural Employment Issues

Rural Areas Urban Areas
Seasonal unemployment Educated unemployment
Disguised unemployment Skill mismatch
Agricultural dependence Informal employment
Low productivity Competition for formal jobs

17. Poverty and Human Development

Economic growth needs to be accompanied by improvements in education, health, nutrition, housing, sanitation and employment opportunities. Human development is therefore an important component of Bihar's long-term economic transformation.

Education + Health + Skills + Employment
тЖУ
Higher Productivity
тЖУ
Higher Income
тЖУ
Lower Poverty

18. Infrastructure and Economic Development

Infrastructure plays a major role in improving connectivity, reducing transaction costs and attracting investment.

  • Road and bridge connectivity.
  • Rail and transport infrastructure.
  • Electricity supply.
  • Irrigation infrastructure.
  • Digital connectivity.
  • Urban infrastructure.
  • Industrial infrastructure.

19. Fiscal Position of Bihar

The Economic Survey also analyses Bihar's public finance, including government expenditure, revenue, fiscal deficit and public debt.

Indicator 2024-25
Total Government Expenditure About тВ╣2,81,939 crore
Fiscal Deficit About 4.2% of GSDP
Outstanding Liabilities About 37.7% of GSDP

20. Disaster and Climate Challenges

Bihar's geographical location and river systems make the state vulnerable to floods and other natural hazards. The Economic Survey highlights the economic and social consequences of disasters.

  • Floods affect agriculture and rural infrastructure.
  • Waterlogging can damage crops and roads.
  • Lightning is an important natural hazard.
  • Heatwaves affect health and labour productivity.
  • Disasters can increase migration and economic vulnerability.

21. Major Strengths of Bihar's Economy

  • Large working-age population.
  • Favourable agricultural potential.
  • Availability of fertile alluvial soil.
  • Large consumer market.
  • Potential for agro-processing industries.
  • Potential in dairy, fisheries and livestock.
  • Growing infrastructure connectivity.
  • Large potential for tourism.
  • Growing services sector.

22. Major Challenges

  • Low per-capita income compared with the national average.
  • Regional disparities among districts.
  • Dependence on agriculture for employment.
  • Need for greater industrialisation.
  • Unemployment and underemployment.
  • Large informal sector.
  • Flood and climate-related vulnerability.
  • Need for higher private investment.
  • Need for better human capital.
  • Fiscal constraints and dependence on central transfers.

23. Way Forward for Bihar's Economy

  1. Promote industrialisation and manufacturing.
  2. Develop agro-processing and food-processing industries.
  3. Increase agricultural productivity.
  4. Expand irrigation and modern agricultural technology.
  5. Strengthen MSMEs and entrepreneurship.
  6. Improve technical and vocational education.
  7. Increase employment opportunities in the non-farm sector.
  8. Improve health and education outcomes.
  9. Strengthen flood management and climate resilience.
  10. Reduce regional disparities through district-specific development strategies.
  11. Attract private investment.
  12. Promote tourism and service-sector activities.

24. Bihar Economic Survey 2025-26: Quick Revision

Topic Important Fact
Latest Economic Survey 2025-26
Major year analysed 2024-25
GSDP at current prices тВ╣9,91,997 crore
GSDP at constant prices тВ╣5,31,372 crore
GSDP growth at current prices 13.1%
GSDP growth at constant prices 8.6%
Per-capita income, current prices тВ╣76,490
Per-capita income, constant prices тВ╣40,973
Primary sector share 18.3%
Secondary sector share 26.8%
Tertiary sector share 54.8%
Highest per-capita district Patna
Lowest-income district group Sheohar, Araria and Sitamarhi among the lowest
Fiscal deficit, 2024-25 About 4.2% of GSDP

25. BPSC Important Questions

  • What is the Economic Survey? Explain its importance for understanding Bihar's economy.
  • Discuss the major findings of Bihar Economic Survey 2025-26.
  • What was Bihar's GSDP growth rate in 2024-25 at current and constant prices?
  • Discuss the trend of per-capita income in Bihar.
  • Explain the sectoral structure of Bihar's economy.
  • Why is the tertiary sector important for Bihar's economy?
  • Discuss the increasing role of the secondary sector in Bihar.
  • Explain the major regional disparities in Bihar's economy.
  • Discuss the major challenges facing Bihar's economy.
  • Suggest measures for accelerating inclusive economic growth in Bihar.

26. BPSC Data Traps

Trap 1: 13.1% = GSDP growth at current prices.

Trap 2: 8.6% = GSDP growth at constant prices.

Trap 3: тВ╣76,490 = per-capita income at current prices.

Trap 4: тВ╣40,973 = per-capita income at constant prices.

Trap 5: The tertiary sector has the largest share, while the secondary sector recorded the fastest growth among the three broad sectors at current prices in 2024-25.

Trap 6: The Economic Survey 2025-26 mainly describes the economic performance of 2024-25. Do not treat 2024-25 survey data as 2025-26 economic performance.

27. One-Page BPSC Summary

Bihar Economic Survey 2025-26 is the latest economic survey and analyses the state's economic performance, particularly for 2024-25.

Bihar's GSDP reached approximately тВ╣9.92 lakh crore at current prices in 2024-25. Growth was 13.1% at current prices and 8.6% at constant prices.

Per-capita income increased to тВ╣76,490 at current prices and тВ╣40,973 at constant prices.

The tertiary sector remained the largest contributor with about 54.8% of GSVA, followed by the secondary sector at 26.8% and the primary sector at 18.3%.

The major challenges include low per-capita income, regional disparities, agricultural dependence, unemployment, industrialisation gaps, infrastructure requirements and vulnerability to natural disasters.

Key development strategy: Agriculture + Industrialisation + Infrastructure + Human Capital + Skills + Services + Private Investment = Sustainable Economic Growth.

Source: Bihar Economic Survey 2025-26; Government of Bihar; MoSPI; PRS Legislative Research.

``` [1]: https://www.drishtiias.com/state-pcs-current-affairs/bihar-economic-survey-2025-26?utm_source=chatgpt.com "Bihar Economic Survey 2025-26"

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